Many systems of differential equations may be transformed to equivalent systems of ordinary differential equations where the equations are expressed polynomially in terms of the unknown functions. In FriCAS, the domain constructors OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial (abbreviated ODPOL) and SequentialDifferentialPolynomial (abbreviation SDPOL) implement two domains of ordinary differential polynomials over any differential ring. In the simplest case, this differential ring is usually either the ring of integers, or the field of rational numbers. However, FriCAS can handle ordinary differential polynomials over a field of rational functions in a single indeterminate.
The two domains ODPOL and SDPOL are almost identical, the only difference being the choice of a different ranking, which is an ordering of the derivatives of the indeterminates. The first domain uses an orderly ranking, that is, derivatives of higher order are ranked higher, and derivatives of the same order are ranked alphabetically. The second domain uses a sequential ranking, where derivatives are ordered first alphabetically by the differential indeterminates, and then by order. A more general domain constructor, DifferentialSparseMultivariatePolynomial (abbreviation DSMP) allows both a user-provided list of differential indeterminates as well as a user-defined ranking. We shall illustrate ODPOL(FRAC INT), which constructs a domain of ordinary differential polynomials in an arbitrary number of differential indeterminates with rational numbers as coefficients.
dpol:= ODPOL(FRAC INT)
OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
Type: Domain
A differential indeterminate w may be viewed as an infinite sequence of algebraic indeterminates, which are the derivatives of w. To facilitate referencing these, FriCAS provides the operation makeVariable to convert an element of type Symbol to a map from the natural numbers to the differential polynomial ring.
w := makeVariable('w)$dpol
theMap(DPOLCAT-;makeVariable;AM;17!0,0)
Type: (NonNegativeInteger -> OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer)
z := makeVariable('z)$dpol
theMap(DPOLCAT-;makeVariable;AM;17!0,0)
Type: (NonNegativeInteger -> OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer)
The fifth derivative of w can be obtained by applying the map w to the number 5. Note that the order of differentiation is given as a subscript (except when the order is 0).
w.5
w
5
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
w 0
w
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
The first five derivatives of z can be generated by a list.
[z.i for i in 1..5]
[z ,z ,z ,z ,z ]
1 2 3 4 5
Type: List OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
The usual arithmetic can be used to form a differential polynomial from the derivatives.
f:= w.4 - w.1 * w.1 * z.3
2
w - w z
4 1 3
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
g:=(z.1)**3 * (z.2)**2 - w.2
3 2
z z - w
1 2 2
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
The operation D computes the derivative of any differential polynomial.
D(f)
2
w - w z - 2w w z
5 1 4 1 2 3
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
The same operation can compute higher derivatives, like the fourth derivative.
D(f,4)
2 2
w - w z - 8w w z + (- 12w w - 12w )z - 2w z w
8 1 7 1 2 6 1 3 2 5 1 3 5
+
2
(- 8w w - 24w w )z - 8w z w - 6w z
1 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 3 3
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
The operation makeVariable creates a map to facilitate referencing the derivatives of f, similar to the map w.
df:=makeVariable(f)$dpol
theMap(DPOLCAT-;makeVariable;AM;17!0,0)
Type: (NonNegativeInteger -> OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer)
The fourth derivative of f may be referenced easily.
df.4
2 2
w - w z - 8w w z + (- 12w w - 12w )z - 2w z w
8 1 7 1 2 6 1 3 2 5 1 3 5
+
2
(- 8w w - 24w w )z - 8w z w - 6w z
1 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 3 3
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
The operation order returns the order of a differential polynomial, or the order in a specified differential indeterminate.
order(g)
2
Type: PositiveInteger
order(g, 'w)
2
Type: PositiveInteger
The operation differentialVariables returns a list of differential indeterminates occurring in a differential polynomial.
differentialVariables(g)
[z,w]
Type: List Symbol
The operation degree returns the degree, or the degree in the differential indeterminate specified.
degree(g)
2 3
z z
2 1
Type: IndexedExponents OrderlyDifferentialVariable Symbol
degree(g, 'w)
1
Type: PositiveInteger
The operation weights returns a list of weights of differential monomials appearing in differential polynomial, or a list of weights in a specified differential indeterminate.
weights(g)
[7,2]
Type: List NonNegativeInteger
weights(g,'w)
[2]
Type: List NonNegativeInteger
The operation weight returns the maximum weight of all differential monomials appearing in the differential polynomial.
weight(g)
7
Type: PositiveInteger
A differential polynomial is isobaric if the weights of all differential monomials appearing in it are equal.
isobaric?(g)
false
Type: Boolean
To substitute differentially, use eval. Note that we must coerce ‘w to Symbol, since in ODPOL, differential indeterminates belong to the domain Symbol. Compare this result to the next, which substitutes algebraically (no substitution is done since w.0 does not appear in g).
eval(g,['w::Symbol],[f])
2 2 3 2
- w + w z + 4w w z + (2w w + 2w )z + z z
6 1 5 1 2 4 1 3 2 3 1 2
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
eval(g,variables(w.0),[f])
3 2
z z - w
1 2 2
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
Since OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial belongs to PolynomialCategory, all the operations defined in the latter category, or in packages for the latter category, are available.
monomials(g)
3 2
[z z ,- w ]
1 2 2
Type: List OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
variables(g)
[z ,w ,z ]
2 2 1
Type: List OrderlyDifferentialVariable Symbol
gcd(f,g)
1
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
groebner([f,g])
2 3 2
[w - w z ,z z - w ]
4 1 3 1 2 2
Type: List OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
The next three operations are essential for elimination procedures in differential polynomial rings. The operation leader returns the leader of a differential polynomial, which is the highest ranked derivative of the differential indeterminates that occurs.
lg:=leader(g)
z
2
Type: OrderlyDifferentialVariable Symbol
The operation separant returns the separant of a differential polynomial, which is the partial derivative with respect to the leader.
sg:=separant(g)
3
2z z
1 2
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
The operation initial returns the initial, which is the leading coefficient when the given differential polynomial is expressed as a polynomial in the leader.
ig:=initial(g)
3
z
1
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
Using these three operations, it is possible to reduce f modulo the differential ideal generated by g. The general scheme is to first reduce the order, then reduce the degree in the leader. First, eliminate z.3 using the derivative of g.
g1 := D g
3 2 3
2z z z - w + 3z z
1 2 3 3 1 2
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
Find its leader.
lg1:= leader g1
z
3
Type: OrderlyDifferentialVariable Symbol
Differentiate f partially with respect to this leader.
pdf:=D(f, lg1)
2
- w
1
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
Compute the partial remainder of f with respect to g.
prf:=sg * f- pdf * g1
3 2 2 2 3
2z z w - w w + 3w z z
1 2 4 1 3 1 1 2
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
Note that high powers of lg still appear in prf. Compute the leading coefficient of prf as a polynomial in the leader of g.
lcf:=leadingCoefficient univariate(prf, lg)
2 2
3w z
1 1
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
Finally, continue eliminating the high powers of lg appearing in prf to obtain the (pseudo) remainder of f modulo g and its derivatives.
ig * prf - lcf * g * lg
6 2 3 2 2
2z z w - w z w + 3w z w z
1 2 4 1 1 3 1 1 2 2
Type: OrderlyDifferentialPolynomial Fraction Integer
See Also: