# 10.4 Points, Lines, and Curves¶

What you have seen so far is a high-level program using the graphics facility. We now turn to the more basic notions of points, lines, and curves in three-dimensional graphs. These facilities use small floats (objects of type DoubleFloat) for data. Let us first give names to the small float values 0 and 1.

The small float 0.

zero := 0.0@DFLOAT


The small float 1.

one := 1.0@DFLOAT


The @ sign means of the type. Thus zero is 0.0 of the type DoubleFloat. You can also say 0.0::DFLOAT.

Points can have four small float components: x,y,z coordinates and an optional color. A curve is simply a list of points connected by straight line segments.

Create the point origin with color zero, that is, the lowest color on the color map.

origin := point [zero,zero,zero,zero]


Create the point unit with color zero.

unit := point [one,one,one,zero]


Create the curve (well, here, a line) from origin to unit.

line := [origin, unit]


We make this line segment into an arrow by adding an arrowhead. The arrowhead extends to, say, p3 on the left, and to, say, p4 on the right. To describe an arrow, you tell FriCAS to draw the two curves [p1,p2,p3] and [p2,p4]. We also decide through experimentation on values for arrowScale, the ratio of the size of the arrowhead to the stem of the arrow, and arrowAngle, the angle between the arrowhead and the arrow.

Invoke your favorite editor and create an input file called arrows.input. This input file first defines the values of

arrowAngle and arrowScale, then defines the function makeArrow (p1,p2) to draw an arrow from point p1 to p2.

arrowAngle := %pi-%pi/10.0@DFLOAT               The angle of the arrowhead.

arrowScale := 0.2@DFLOAT                        The size of the arrowhead
relative to the stem. makeArrow(p1, p2) ==   delta := p2 - p1                              The arrow.

len := arrowScale * length delta              The length of the arrowhead.

theta := atan(delta.1, delta.2)               The angle from the x-axis

c1 := len*cos(theta + arrowAngle)             The x-coord of left endpoint

s1 := len*sin(theta + arrowAngle)             The y-coord of left endpoint

c2 := len*cos(theta - arrowAngle)             The x-coord of right endpoint

s2 := len*sin(theta - arrowAngle)             The y-coord of right endpoint

z  := p2.3*(1 - arrowScale)                   The z-coord of both endpoints

p3 := point [p2.1 + c1, p2.2 + s1, z, p2.4]   The left endpoint of head

p4 := point [p2.1 + c2, p2.2 + s2, z, p2.4]   The right endpoint of head

[ [p1, p2, p3], [p2, p4] ]                    The arrow as a list of curves

Read the file and then create an arrow from the point origin to the point unit.

Read the input file defining makeArrow.

)read arrows


Construct the arrow (a list of two curves).

arrow := makeArrow(origin,unit)


Create an empty object sp of type ThreeSpace.

sp := createThreeSpace()


Add each curve of the arrow to the space sp.

for a in arrow repeat sp := curve(sp,a)


Create a three-dimensional viewport containing that space.

vp := makeViewport3D(sp,”Arrow”)

Here is a better viewing angle.

rotate(vp,200,-60)